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Collagen and recombinant collagen
Collagen is widely found in skin, bone, muscle, cartilage, joint, hair, internal organs and other tissues of the human body, accounting for more than 30% of the total protein of the human body. Its main role is to maintain the shape and structure of skin and tissues and organs, and it is also an important raw material for repairing damaged tissues. It is called the life support of the human body. According to the specific amino acid sequence, collagen can be divided into 28 kinds, the common types are type I, type II, type III, type V and XI type, of which type Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ collagen accounted for more than 90% of the total collagen.
70% of human skin is composed of collagen, so the collagen in the skin is closely related to skin aging. In recent years, collagen has become an emerging raw material in the field of cosmetics because of its tissue repair function, which has a good application prospect in anti-aging and repair of cosmetics.
Figure 1 tripeptide chain structure of collagen
Recombinant collagen refers to the full-length or partial amino acid sequence fragments encoded by the specific type of human collagen gene prepared by genetic engineering technology, or the combination of functional fragments containing human collagen, and the amino acid sequence can be designed and improved according to the demand.
Skin care efficacy of collagen
Because of its excellent biocompatibility and low antigenicity, collagen has become a hot topic in the research of cosmetics, and its application in cosmetics is increasingly common. The main effects of collagen used in cosmetics are as follows:
① Nourishment: Collagen can enter the deep skin, give the skin the necessary nutrients, maintain the stability and integrity of the collagen fiber structure, enhance the activity of collagen in the skin, improve the living environment of skin cells, and promote the metabolism of the tissue, to achieve the purpose of nutrition and moisture.
②Moisturizing: Collagen contains a large number of glycine, hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and other natural moisturizing factors, which are important substances to maintain skin moisture. There are a large number of hydrophilic groups such as hydroxyl and carboxylic groups on the outside of collagen molecules, so that collagen molecules can easily form hydrogen bonds with water, improve the skin's water storage capacity, and supplement the loss of collagen in the human body, so that the skin has a good affinity.
③ Repair: Collagen is similar in structure to collagen in skin, so it has excellent biological characteristics. Collagen can promote the proliferation and repair of epithelial cells, skin has a good absorption of collagen, supplement the necessary amino acids, so that the damaged and aging skin can be filled and repaired.
④Anti-wrinkle: The similarity of collagen and the structure of the skin stratum corneum determines its good compatibility, good affinity and permeability with the skin. It can penetrate into the epidermal layer of the skin, be fully absorbed by the skin, and form an extremely thin film on the surface of the skin, thus making the skin plump and wrinkles stretch, while improving the skin density, generating tension and having anti-wrinkle effect.
Method of obtaining collagen
1. Traditional collagen
Traditional collagen is extracted from the connective tissue of animals, and the extraction methods mainly include three kinds of physical methods assisted by high pressure, chemical methods of solvent extraction and enzymatic biochemical methods. Animal origin collagen has the characteristics of good film formation and skin affinity, so it has good moisturizing, repairing, nourishing and other functions.] However, due to the immunogen problems of animal-derived collagen and the manufacturing processes such as heating, physical shearing and even irradiation often used in the production of cosmetics, it is easy to cause degeneration and deterioration of animal-derived collagen and other stability problems. However, the use of plant-derived collagen is often limited due to its high molecular weight and unstable source, so manufacturers and researchers have paid more attention to recombinant humanoid collagen.
2. Restructure collagen
At present, many recombinant expression systems have been applied to recombinant expression of collagen, such as E. coli, yeast, animal cells, transgenic animals and transgenic plants, etc., as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Expression of recombinant collagen in each expression system
Due to the high cost, difficulty of culture, low expression level of recombinant collagen expressed by animals and plants, and in the laboratory stage, the current industrial production is still mainly based on Escherichia coli and yeast fermentation.
E. coli: pH value, temperature, dissolved oxygen, glucose and nitrogen are important factors that affect the expression of recombinant collagen and the growth of bacteria. Acetic acid is a byproduct of the fermentation process of E. coli and inhibits cell growth and collagen production. Carbon dioxide can inhibit or promote the growth and production of microbial cells, and is related to dissolved oxygen.
Yeast: Yeast has a strong preference for aerobic growth, cell density culture can be carried out, and the fermentation products are non-toxic side effects. However, insufficient or excessive methanol flow will affect the expression level of foreign proteins in Pichia Pastoris. In addition, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and other factors affect the expression level of collagen.
The spatial structure of recombinant protein can be solved by co-expression of proline hydroxylase or redesign of metabolic pathway.
The activity of collagen is highly related to the triple helix structure, the most important is the hydrogen bond between the three α chains, and the hydroxyl group of hydroxyproline can help form the hydrogen bond and improve the hydrophilicity of collagen.
Recomtein® HLC-Pro development features
Based on the disadvantages of traditional collagen extraction and the advantages of genetically engineered recombinant protein, we have developed a human-like collagen product Recomtein® HLC-Pro.
We analyzed the functional domain of collagen through AI big data, and screened the fragments with high activity, high efficacy and high safety. Then, exogenous genes were fused into the RGD binding site of collagen fragments, and their characterization and fusion effect were analyzed by three-dimensional structure AI computer simulation map, so as to evaluate their performance and safety.
RGD, as an important recognition site for a variety of integrins, widely exists in the cell adhesion motif and is an important key site for cell adhesion and migration.
Advantages of RGD targeted gene editing
Improve the activity of targeted protein
Improve the purity of targeted protein
Promote cell adhesion to targeted proteins
Enhance the affinity of the targeted protein to the cell
Improve the absorbability of the targeted protein
Improve the stability of the targeted protein
Structural stability
Functional stability
Environmental stability
Enhanced safety of the target protein
Good biological compatibility
It is safe for consumers and reduces the immune rejection of human body
Safe for the environment
Recomtein®AAG
1. Innovation
2. Won the 2018 "Top Ten Innovative Raw Materials Award"
3. Efficacy of Recomtein®AAG
①Promote collagen synthesis
The results showed that as the dose of Recomtein®AAG increased, the ability to promote collagen gradually increased, thus better promoting skin remodeling, enhancing elasticity, and enhancing the effect of tightening the skin.
②Promote cell adhesion
Recomtein®AAG has been shown to be excellent for repairing skin texture and improving skin barrier by promoting cell adhesion, enhancing cell growth and accelerating cell metabolism, thus efficiently promoting wound healing and collagen synthesis.
③Moisturizing and anti-aging properties
The results found: After 8 weeks of use of Recomtein®AAG serum containing 400ppm, the TEWL value of the skin was reduced by 22.36%; Increased skin water content by 25.87 percent; Skin elasticity increased by 13.68%; And brings significant barrier repair effect to the skin.
④Anti-redness effect
使用Recomtein®AAG has been used for 4 weeks to significantly improve the redness of the skin, indicating that Recomtein® AAG has the effect of removing redness and repairing sensitive skin.
⑤Anti-wrinkle effect
Compared with 8 weeks after use, the number and depth of skin wrinkles are significantly improved, the number of wrinkles is reduced by 35% on average, and the depth is lightened by 11% on average, which has excellent wrinkle-removing effect and brings elastic luster to the skin.
References
[1] Wang Xiaojun. Research on Application of Optimal dosage form of Humanoid collagen Series cosmetics [D]. Northwest University,2019.
[2] ZHANG H. Expression and purification of recombinant humanoid collagen and its application in cosmetics [D]. Jinan University,2017.
[3] Wang Yulin. Research progress of collagen application in cosmetics [J]. Gelatin Science and Technology,2012,32(01):8-12.
[4] LIANG Meizhen. Application of protein in cosmetics [J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry,2009,36(12):104-105.
[5] Shi Changsong, Cui Fengling, Zhang Hongguang, et al. [5] Shi Changsong, Cui Fengling, ZHANG Hongguang, et al. Study on moisture
absorption properties of common moisturizers used in cosmetics [J]. Journal of Household Chemicals,2007,30(1):25-30
[6] ZhA Qing-Qing, Nie Shan-Shan, Yu Wen. Research progress and application of recombinant collagen [J]. China Detergent Industry,
2022(08):41-45.
[7] TANG Yunping, ZHENG Qiang, Hu Bin, CAI Jin, Huang Lei, XU Zhinan. Research progress on preparation and application of recombinant
collagen [J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry,2016,37(18):384-386.
[8] Pre-culture of mesenchymal stem cells within RGD-modified hyaluronic acid hydrogel improves their resilience to ischaemic conditions
[9] RGD modified polymers: biomaterials for stimulated cell adhesion and beyond
[10] Cell adhesion and proliferation on RGD-modified recombinant spider silk proteins
[11] p48.2蛋白中RGD结构域对其生物学活性的影响及p48.2蛋白多克隆抗体的制备
[12] Integrin binding human antibody constant domains—Probing the C-terminal structural loops for grafting the RGD motif
Antecedent
In the field of cosmetics, the possibility of synthesizing new substances provided by synthetic biology provides the power and technical basis for the extraction of active ingredients of cosmetics and the development of new raw materials, and also gives the cosmetics industry more room for development. As an important branch of synthetic biology, genetic engineering is a genetic technology that carries out artificial directional modification of organisms at the molecular level, and its essence is the in vitro recombination of DNA. Genetic engineering plays an absolutely important role in the field of developing protein-based raw material products. This part will focus on the development, efficacy and application of recombinant peptide/protein products under genetic engineering technology.
What is genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering is also called gene splicing technology or DNA recombination technology.
Genetic engineering is to extract DNA macromolecule, the genetic material of a donor organism needed by using recombination technology, cut it with appropriate tool enzymes in vitro condition, connect it with the DNA molecule as a carrier, and then introduce it together into a receptor cell (generally microbial or eukaryotic cells) that is easy to grow and multiply. Make the recombinant gene replicate and express in the cell, produce the gene products needed by human beings, or transform and create new characteristics of biological types.
What is a protein/peptide?
Protein is the material basis of life activities, and almost all cells in the body are regulated by protein. There are many kinds of proteins in the human body, with different properties and functions, but they are all composed of 20 kinds of amino acids in different proportions, and they are constantly metabolized and renewed in the body. After the protein ingested by the human body is hydrolyzed by enzymes, it is mainly digested and absorbed in the form of peptides, which has an important role in human health and research value of a class called bioactive protein/peptide.
What is a recombinant protein/peptide?
Recombinant proteins are proteins that are produced for specific purposes according to people's wishes using genetic engineering, fermentation and protein purification techniques.
Recombinant active peptide refers to the use of genetic engineering technology and the active peptide in the human body has similar function of the active fragment, is beneficial to the life activities of the biological body or have physiological effects of peptide compounds, is about 20 kinds of natural amino acids in different composition and arrangement of the composition from dipeptide to complex linear, circular different peptides. It is also a multifunctional compound derived from protein.
Skin care benefits of recombinant proteins/peptides
In the field of cosmetics, recombinant protein has a more prominent skin tissue repair, anti-aging, anti-oxidation, antibacterial, anti-edema, whitening and other functions.
1. Anti-aging, anti-wrinkle effect
The recombinant protein can relax the striated muscle and muscle, activate epidermal cells, stimulate fibroblast proliferation, promote the synthesis of collagen and polysaccharide, rebuild the skin fiber structure, increase skin firmness and strengthen connective tissue. It can form the main components of extracellular matrix with collagen, glycoprotein, protein polymerase, etc., and maintain skin rejuvenation.
2. Anti-inflammatory, repair effect
As matrix proteins, recombinant proteins regulate cell survival, growth and apoptosis, differentiation, morphology and migration through growth factors and cytokines bound to them. It can enrich the growth factors released by the wound surface, have the functions of cell enrichment, adsorption and growth promotion, can effectively improve the rate of skin regeneration, shorten the wound healing time, and induce the rapid repair of skin tissue.
3. Whitening, freckle removing effect
The tyrosine residue of recombinant protein can compete with tyrosine in the skin and combine with the active center of tyrosinase, thus inhibiting tyrosinase to promote cargo tyrosine and prevent the formation of melanin. It can also remove a large number of harmful free radicals in the body, inhibit the oxidative damage of free radicals in the skin surface, especially resist the damage of ultraviolet light on the skin, and inhibit the formation of melanin.
4. Moisturizing effect
The recombinant protein has water lock, can quickly penetrate the skin epidermal layer, and the epidermal layer of water combined to form a network structure, prevent water loss. It can increase the water content of the stratum corneum.
How to obtain recombinant protein/peptide through genetic engineering?
The use of genetic engineering technology to prepare peptides, that is, DNA recombination technology will be used to cut the gene fragment of the target peptide to be synthesized in vitro condition, and connect it with the plasmid vector -- the DNA molecule independent of self-replication outside the bacterial chromosome -- and introduce the connected recombinant vector into the genome of the host cell that does not have the ability to synthesize the target protein by a specific method. The required active protein/peptide can be obtained through cell expression; Or insert the foreign gene into the phage gene sequence, so that the target peptide is expressed in the form of integrin phage particles and obtained after processing and purification (see figure). Compared with chemical synthesis, gene recombination method is more suitable for the preparation of long peptides.
Genetic engineering recombinant protein technology expression platform
The main instrument in the imaging laboratory is the multi-functional 3D skin imaging analyzer (Antera 3D®HC1023Q), after the local skin imaging, through 7 different wavelengths of 24 LED space and spectral analysis, the real 3D skin surface reconstruction, can accurately and quickly collect facial images, Real-time analysis of skin conditions by color, 3D terrain and multi-spectral attributes, resulting in data reports. The 3D skin imaging analyzer can analyze skin color, heme, melanin, texture, wrinkles, pores, volume and other parameters, and the corresponding skin effects are claimed to be whitening and brightening, anti-wrinkle, soothing, repair, oil control, acne treatment and so on.
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The SolasureTM Sunscreen Testing Platform, developed by Hallstar and licensed by US patent (US20180313694 A1), is a professional sunscreen testing equipment putted in the sunscreen testing room. It obtains SPF and PA value of sunscreen through scientific application, drying and light simulation test, which provides professional screening work for the early development of sunscreen products.
Recombinant collagen
Recombinant protein is the application of recombinant DNA or recombinant RNA technology to obtain a recombinant
vector connected with gene fragments that can be translated into the target protein, and then transferred into the host
cell that can express the target protein, so as to obtain a protein with certain function and activity.
Recombinant proteins need to be prepared using an expression system, which can be obtained by in vitro method and
in vivo method. The production of recombinant proteins in vitro mainly includes four major systems: prokaryotic protein
expression (most commonly used E. coli protein expression), mammalian cell protein expression (commonly used cell CHO,
HEK293), eukaryotic expression system (yeast) and insect cell protein expression. The selection of the appropriate
expression system depends on the characteristics of the recombinant protein, the expected application of the recombinant
protein, and whether the system can produce sufficient amounts of protein. The appropriate protein expression system is
selected according to its downstream application to improve the expression success rate.
RGD targeted gene editing
At present, there are three kinds of expression systems that are most widely used, which are Esherichia coli(E. coli)
expression system, yeast expression system and CHO cell expression system. Among them, Escherichia coli(E. coli) is the
most commonly used host bacterium to express recombinant proteins, and has been used in the production of many
proteins with important medicinal value. Escherichia coli(E. coli) expression system has many advantages, such as fast
growth, low culture cost, clear genetic background and easy to achieve high density culture.
RGD is a tripeptide sequence containing arginine-glycine-aspartic acid, which is the recognition site of the interaction
between integrin and its ligand protein, mediates the adhesion between cells and extracellular matrix and intercellular, and
has the function of signal transduction, thus mediating many important life activities. In 1984, Pierschbacher and Ruoslahti
first described the RGD sequence as a highly conserved minimal integrin recognition sequence within fifienectin. RGD
exists in a variety of extracellular matrix, can bind to 11 kinds of integrins specifically, and can effectively promote cell
adhesion to biological materials.
By means of bioinformatics and computational simulation, we used collagen and fifiolin as templates to screen different
functional fragments, and combined with different structural functional areas (such as foldon area, adhesion promoting
peptide RGD, heparin binding area, etc.) for molecular design and splicing to construct a variety of artificial functional
proteins with different molecular weights. To obtain recombinant proteins with higher hydrophilicity, thermal stability,
proliferative activity and surface adhesion.
Advantages of RGD gene editing
Computer simulation of three dimensional structure
Through computer simulation and molecular structure prediction, Recomtein AAG analyzed the three-dimensional spatial structure and key functional areas of collagen and fibronectin, intercepted functional active fragments of type I collagen, introduced RGD adhesion polypeptide in the N-end of the fragment, and made 8 replicates. Among the recombinant proteins, the structure of collagen is very special, it is a flexible fragment, while the RGD peptide can form a loop ring, which plays a good role in the middle of the two repeats. On the other hand, RGD peptide itself has a strong adhesion effect, and there is a synergistic effect between collagen and RGD, giving Recomtein AAG better activity.
In recent years, functional proteins have shown great application value in the fields of medicine, military and textile because of their good biocompatibility, degradability and versatility. With the in-depth development of related research, great progress has been made in the directional design of protein molecules, the construction of cell factories and the application of protein processing. At present, how to give protein intelligent controllability in the production process of recombinant protein and realize the improvement of protein properties in all aspects has become a research hotspot in the field of biomedicine.
Bioengineering invited Researcher Xiang Qi from the Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University/BIOPHARMACEUTICAL R&D CENTER JINAN UNIVERSITY and Associate Professor Ma Yi from South China University of Technology to collaborate on the establishment of the special issue "Biologically Active Recombinant Proteins ". This special issue will focus on innovative original research articles, comprehensive articles, and areas of basic research and application that reflect the latest developments in the field. Special issue topics include, but are not limited to:
l Research on biosynthesis of active peptides/proteins;
l Cell factories for the production of active proteins;
l Protein purification and analysis;
l Protein functional materials;
l Construction and application of drug carrier derived from bacteria;
l Protein material drug delivery system.
Guest Editors' Introduction
Researcher Xiang Qi, Jinan University
Dr. Xiang is Director of BIOPHARMACEUTICAL R&D CENTER JINAN UNIVERSITY, and a researcher of the Institute of Biomedicine, Guangzhou Jinan University. She is a senior visiting scholar at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA (UNC). She has applied for 48 invention patents and granted 25 patents. She has won the second Prize of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province twice, the 20th China Invention Excellence Award, the 2018 Industry-University-Research Innovation Achievement Excellence Award, and the second Prize of the Ministry of Education.
Research fields: New technology of gene recombinant bioactive protein and its preparation, biomedical materials, skin tissue repair, periodontal tissue repair
Associate Professor Ma Yi, South China University of Technology
Post-doctor, Associate Professor, institute of Bioscience and Engineering of South China University of Technology, Visiting Researcher of University of Frankfurt. He has applied for 16 national invention patents, 9 of which were authorized; Published more than 20 scientific research papers indexed by SCI. He has presided over 6 national and provincial research projects, and more than 20 research projects at the department level and other types of research projects.
Research fields: bacterial derivative drug delivery system, protein biomaterials, bacteriological shadow vaccine
Special issue links and QR Code:
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/bioengineering/special_issues/functional_protein
Long press the identification QR code to learn more about the special issue.
贯标管理体系证书(2018)
感官实验室有多个独立的评价小间组成,用于志愿者对待测样品的外观、色泽、肤感等感官评价。为确保志愿者对样品评价的客观性,每位志愿者使用的样品将由工作人员通过传递窗递出,避免样品的干扰。同时,感官实验室具有特定的温度、湿度、噪音、照明等要求,确保感官评价不受环境干扰。
实验室名称 | 检测项目(非CMA) | 检测标准 | 参考标准 | 备注 |
感官实验室 | 感官评价 | 化妆品感官评价方法 | T_GDCA 003-2020 化妆品感官评价通则 | |
成像测试室 探头测试室 | 美白 | 美白功效测试方法 | 1.化妆品美白祛斑功效测试方法 T/ZHCA001-2018 2.化妆品防脱发功效测试方法-2021年17号通告 第二法 | |
抗皱 | 抗皱紧致功效测试方法 | 1.化妆品紧致功效测试方法 T/GDCDC 020-2022 2. 化妆品改善眼角纹功效临床评价方法 T/SHRH018-2019 3.化妆品抗皱、紧致、保湿、控油、修护、滋养、舒缓七项功效测试方法 T-CAB 0152-2022 | ||
紧致 | 抗皱紧致功效测试方法 | 1.化妆品紧致功效测试方法 T/GDCDC 020-2022 2. 化妆品改善眼角纹功效临床评价方法 T/SHRH018-2019 3.化妆品抗皱、紧致、保湿、控油、修护、滋养、舒缓七项功效测试方法 T/CAB 0152-2022 | ||
保湿 | 保湿功效测试方法 | 1.化妆品抗皱、紧致、保湿、控油、修护、滋养、舒缓七项功效测试方法 T/CAB 0152-2022 2.皮肤短期保湿功效测试方案 Q/BT4256-2011 | ||
滋养 | 滋养功效测试方法 | 1.化妆品抗皱、紧致、保湿、控油、修护、滋养、舒缓七项功效测试方法 T/CAB 0152-2022 | ||
舒缓修护 | 舒缓修护功效测试方法 | 1.化妆品抗皱、紧致、保湿、控油、修护、滋养、舒缓七项功效测试方法 T/CAB 0152-2022 2.《化妆品舒缓功效测试 人体乳酸刺痛试验测试方法》 T/BDCA 0005-2023 3. 舒敏类功效性护肤品安全功效评价标准 T/CNMIA 0013-2020 4. 化妆品影响经表皮水分流失测试方法 T/ZHCA003-2018 | ||
控油 | 控油功效测试方法 | 化妆品控油功效检测方法 TZHCA002-2018 | ||
祛痘 | 祛痘功效测试方法 | 1.化妆品祛痘功效测试方法 T/GDCDC 023-2022 2.化妆品祛痘功效测试方法 T/TDCA 004-2021 3. 祛痘类功效性护肤品临床评价标准 T/CNMIA 0012—2020 | ||
头皮护理室 洗护测试室 | 防脱发 | 防脱发功效测试方法 | 化妆品防脱发功效测试方法-2021年17号通告 | |
控油 | 控油功效测试方法 | 化妆品控油功效检测方法 TZHCA002-2018 | ||
护发 | 护发功效测试方法 | 发用产品护发功效测评方法T/GDCA017-2023 | ||
防晒测试室 | SPA值 | 防晒测试方法 | US20180313694 A1 | |
SPA值 | 防晒测试方法 | US20180313694 A1 |
探头实验室主要有5个皮肤测试探头:角质层水合测量仪、经皮水分流失测量仪、皮肤亮度测量仪、皮肤弹性测量仪、皮肤皮脂测量仪、皮肤酸碱度温度测试仪。参与测试的志愿者躺在美容床上,放松身心,由专门的测试人员使用相应的测试探头在志愿者的受试部位进行无创数据采集,测试所得的参数对应的皮肤功效有保湿、舒缓、提亮、紧致、控油、修护等。
洗护测试室放置了静电仪、光度仪、头发梳理仪以及离体发束若干,可对头发的梳理性、光泽度、抗静电性能进行评价。